Arts and Crafts of Himachal Pradesh

Spectacular landscape, snow-capped mountains, indigenous traditions and a convergence of diverse customs have added enchantment to the pristine natural beauty of Himachal Pradesh. From its vibrant festivals like Kullu Dussehra to its fascinating folk music and attires, Himachal Pradesh is abundant with an irreplaceable heritage. The confluence of rich tradition comes into the limelight, especially when we witness the arts and crafts of this verdant region. Let us delve into the aesthetic tradition of Himachal Pradesh:

Pahari School of Paintings

During the Mughal rule in India, there was frequent interaction between the Rajput rulers and the Mughal court. Amid looming war-like situations, regional artists were introduced to new art forms. In the second half of the 17th century, many Mughal artists dispersed to Rajasthan and the hilly regions of India, after witnessing a significant reduction of their patronage in the Mughal courts. However, under the sponsorship of Pahari rulers like Sansar Chand, Kirpal Chand, Govardhan Chand, Chattar Singh and inspired by multiple mythological themes, the Pahari school of art flourished.

Pahari miniature painting

The Pahari school is one of the most fascinating forms of miniature schools of painting. The term Pahari denotes “hilly or mountainous” in origin. Apart from their overt depiction of mythological and courtly scenes, the Pahari paintings are widely known for their sheer intricacies in every detail and their flamboyance. Regions like Basohli, Guler, Garhwal, Kangra, and Kullu were some of the fertile grounds where many Pahari sub-schools flourished.  Let us understand some of them:

Basohli School:

The first centre of the Pahari school was birthed in the Basohli region. Flamboyant and characterised by strong use of primary colours, including warm yellow, and white paint to imitate pearl ornaments, Basohli school features a special depiction of bright flowers of rhododendron flowers. It was under the rule of Kirpal Singh (from 1678-1695 CE), that this grand style flourished. Another distinctive feature of this style is using green beetle wing cases to achieve an emerald effect. Regarding the architectural elements, they included both the Mughal and Rajputana styles, which were lavishly furnished. Major themes of Basohli paintings are portraits of rulers with their consorts and in their courts, along with themes from Hindu epics and Puranas. Its offshoots continued in the Chamba and Kullu sub-schools of Pahari miniature.         

Pradyumna and Mayavati fly to Dwaraka

Kangra School:

The Kangra school of paintings came into existence after the gradual decline of the Guler school of paintings. Kangra School reached its pinnacle under the patronage of Raja Sansar Chand. The famous Bhakti movement and devotional elements hugely in impacted the themes of the Kangra paintings.  Artists drew their reference from the romantic Gita Govinda composed by Jayadeva. Hence, the depiction of the love story of Radha Krishna. The other themes included episodes from Gita Govinda, Nala Damyanti, Bihari Satsai, and Ragamala. The naturally obtained vibrant colours of yellow, green and red add a vibrancy to these paintings. This style is the most poetic of the numerous schools of miniature paintings in India. Major characteristic features of Kangra paintings are delicate lines and minute decorative details. Whereas the female face is delineated with a straight nose in line with the forehead. 

Kangra school of paintings

Guler School:

This school of paintings flourished under the patronage of King Raja Govardhan Chand. Guler School of paintings makes use of the soft shades and cooler undertones. Although elegant, the Guler school of paintings are more subdued than the Basohli school of paintings. These paintings are said to be commenced by Manak, also known as Manaku. Pandit Seu and Nainsukh are some of the other famous artists of Guler School. A matured version of the Guler school led to the emergence of the Kangra sub-school of Pahari miniatures in the 1780s. 

Guler School of paintings

Chamba Rumal

Chamba embroidery is surely one of the most incredible art forms that ever came into existence. As the name suggests, Chamba rumal originated in the Chamba region of Himachal Pradesh. The intricate designs and visually appealing themes are embroidered on malmal or cotton muslin and even on unbleached silk cloth which forms the base material. From the day-to-day activities of locals, and folk stories to the poignant tales and episodes from epic sagas, Chamba rumal designs encompass an endless variety of motifs and nuanced themes. Themes centred on the depiction of Lord Krishna and his devotees, including scenes from Raaslila, Raasmandal, Goduli or ‘the hour of cow-dust’, and Ashtanayika. Trees, flowers, and animal motifs like peacocks, snakes, horses and elephants are readily included here. Geometric patterns are also one of the popular designs used in Chamba rumal. Traditionally, the intricate embroidery was done by the royal ladies or the elite women on the charcoal-drawn designs by the miniature artists. Do-rukh or a double-satin stitch, implies that it can be viewed from both the sides, and adds a distinctive touch to this unusual handkerchief. 

Chamba embroidery

Metalcrafts

There is no denying the fact that the metalcraft of Himachal Pradesh is primarily religious owing to the presence of the many temples in the state, but they also serve utilitarian purposes. Interestingly, the skill of creating unique metal artworks has been practised in Himachal Pradesh since the 6th century CE! The statuettes found in the entrances of temples in Brahmaur, Chamba, and the Vajreshwari Devi temple in Kangra exemplify the incredible craftsmanship of many regions in Himachal.  Brass, copper, iron, tin and bell metal are some of the common metals that are conventionally used in creating idols and items. Chamba, Brahmour, Chatrahi are some of the places where seasoned blacksmiths can be found.

Metalcraft

Pullas

These colourful Pullas are handmade grass footwear from Himachal Pradesh. Cannabis grass, hemp, and bark are some of the base materials that are readily employed in the process of making these extremely  lightweight slippers. Pullas are popular handicrafts in the Jalori and  Bashleo pass regions of the upper reaches of the Inner and Outer Seraj. Notice the coloured strips that form a regular pattern, added to elevate the style of Pullas. Crafted from natural materials, without causing harm to living beings, the practice of wearing pullas is considered appropriate during religious ceremonies and even within temple areas and snow. The grass is first cut and dried before stitching it into the pullas, the fibres are then spun with the help of a spindle, they are given proper shapes and sizes, and the upper surface of the footwear is then embroidered in bright beautiful colours of wool. Pullas are sold in many local markets of Himachal Pradesh.

Pullas

Kinnauri and Kullu Shawls

Warm, woollen clothes are an essential part of the mountainous lifestyle. Hence a wide and rich variety of woollen garments and fabrics like Pattu, Gudama, Thobi, Kinnauri and Kullu. For the making of these shawls and garments, the basic fabric is derived from Angora, pashmina, yak wool, and sheep wool. The raw material is hand-spun, and a standard touch is given to them by integrating time-honoured embroidery patterns into them. High-quality woollen fabrics are woven and well-defined borders are added using vibrant colours like yellow, red, green, orange and blue. A typical Kullu shawl is usually found in black, white, brown or grey colours.

Carpets and Dhurries 

The creation of handwoven floor coverings (Thobi), mattresses (Numdha), and blankets (Gudma) is another common occupation of these mountain dwellers. Gaibong and Kullu Valley are specifically known for their Gudmas. This soft and heavy blanket is made of wool known as Byang wool. Gudmas are woven by local villagers, using natural wool. The local name for a mattress is Numdha. The process of making numdha involves felting of the wool, rather than weaving it. A colourful embroidery is added as a final touch. The price of numdhas depends on the size, quality of wool and motifs. Although wool carpets and Asanas featuring a wide range of designs and motifs such as dragons, lions, Swastik, and Trishul, are common, one can also easily come across a wide range of cotton dhurries.

Carpet & Rugs

Kath Khuni constructions

The strong influence of Tibetan, British and Mughals in Himachal Pradesh is evident not only in the region’s art but also in its architecture. One of the most common styles of architecture here is the Kath-Khuni construction. Having evolved over generations, Kanth-Khuni construction is a testimony to a deep comprehension of the architectural principles tailored to the demands of the harsh climate of Himachal and the availability of local materials. These elevated structures showcase a harmonious balance between the natural and constructed environment. The construction process involves a layered interlocking of wood and stone. The slant rooftops add to the structural integrity of the buildings and offer insulation against the extremes of weather.

Kath Khuni Construction

Thangka Paintings

Another form of art that has transcended the boundaries and reached the regions of Himachal Pradesh is the Tibetan Thangka paintings. These paintings are intertwined with the lives and teachings of Gautama Buddha, a widely revered spiritual ascetic and the founder of Buddhism in the 6th-5th century BCE. Consequently, Thangkas are not merely richly ornate paintings; the making of Thangka art involves a deep level of devotion to uplift the seeker. Thangkas are known for their vivid hues, luxurious patterns and motifs that incorporate Chakka/ Charkha (the wheel of Dharma), victory banner and lotus. These motifs carry a profound meaning and are highly symbolic. Thangkas can be divided into various categories depending on their subjects and mediums. The making of Thangkas entails the creation of various forms of deities. For instance, Yidims are considered as fully enlightened beings; Vajrabhairava, and Yamantaka belong to the category of wrathful deities; and there are peaceful deities like Samantabhadra and Amitabha.

Thangka Painting

Pahadi Jewellery   

The metal jewellery of Himachal is not only prevalent among the locals of the hilly region but is also very unique. The necklaces include Chandanhar, Champakali, Gal pattu, Jaumala, while the earing include, Karanphul, Jhumku; the noserings are Laung, Balu, Bulak, while Kangnu, Bajuband, Paijab are some varieties of bangles found here. Oxidised silver ornaments are a hallmark of Himachal. The skillful sunairs of Kangra, Chamba, Mandi, and Kullu district are well-known for their enamelling skills. Both silver and gold jewellery have religious motifs and a visually attractive quality to them. Pahadi ornaments are an integral part of traditional rituals, especially weddings, enhancing the beauty and auspiciousness of both the wearer and the ceremonies. They also play a pivotal role in the societal status of the families. Nose rings, chokers, anklets, earrings, exquisite chains and necklaces are among the most cherished pieces worn by the Pahadi brides.

Pahadi jewellery

Kullu Caps

Kullu caps are a signature craft of Himachal Pradesh. These Kullu topis are an indispensable part of the traditional attire of men, and they are typically worn during marriages, festivals, religious ceremonies, fairs and other events. The Kullu cap is round and flat on the top. A multi-hued and elegantly woven band runs along the rounded front of the cap. While the bright colours are a significant part of these caps, Kullu caps are also decorated with adornments like brooch, tassels, peacock feathers and marigold flowers. In the cool climate of Himachal, these caps are mainly worn to keep the head warm.

Kullu Cap

Basketry

Himachal is characterised by its sub-tropical, tropical, temperate, and arid climatic conditions, making it suitable for the cultivation of a variety of sub-tropical fruits, off-season vegetables, and flowers. As a result, the cultivation and the farming practices in the region are closely linked to the tradition of basket-making.The baskets are usually made using Nargal bamboo, banana fibres, palm leaves, or locally available grasses like toong (a thick grass founder in the higher altitude), phaggad (hard grass), chupod ( a soft grass). These baskets are woven by craftsmen as well as local Pahari women and are sold in the local markets. 

Basketry

Stone Carvings

Himachal Pradesh is renowned for its wide variety of stones and exceptional stonecraft. The most commonly used stone in this part of Northern India is sandstone. High-quality limestones can be found in Kangra, Kullu, Mandi, Bilaspur, Chamba, Sirmaur. For building purposes, rubble masonry is used.  Baijnath temple in Kangra, Shiva and Devi temple in Jagathsukh, the temples in Brahmaur, Chhatrahi, Chamba stands as a testimony of the excellency demonstrated by the stone carvers of the 7th to 13th century CE.  Apart from the construction of remarkable designs in temples and relief structural panels, domestic utility items like angithi (stove), kundi (circular pots), cakki (millstones), and dauri danda (pestle and mortar).

Stone Carving

Woodcrafts

Beautifully carved wooden doors, wooden panels and windows are a common sight in Himachal. The state has a long history of refined woodcarvers and seasoned artisans. The architecture of Himachal Pradesh is heavily dependent on softwood. Trees of pine, deodar, horse chestnut, mulberry, and walnuts, which add to the scenic beauty of the region are also a major source for the woodworkers. These woods are known for their durability and plasticity. The production of wood items is not limited to carving, the artisans pay good attention to the other aspects such as varnishing, painting and lacquering. While the village of Koona is noted for its wooden domestic wares, the woodcarvers of Chamba are experts in making large wooden boxes for the storage of grain. Picture frames, statues, boxes, and musical instruments are some of the other decor items and accessories that are made with efficiency and are available for locals and tourists alike. 

Woodcraft

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